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Antipater I the Idumaean (died 43 BC) was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. According to Josephus, he was the son of Antipas (I) and had formerly held that name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Antipater )〕 A native of Idumaea, southeast of Judea between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, which during the time of the Hebrew Bible had been known as the land of Edom,〔(Genesis 36:8 )〕 Antipater became a powerful official under the later Hasmonean kings and subsequently became a client of the Roman general Pompey the Great when Pompey conquered Judea in the name of Roman Republic. When Julius Caesar defeated Pompey, Antipater rescued Caesar in Alexandria, and was made chief minister of Judea, with the right to collect taxes. Antipater eventually made his sons Phasaelus and Herod the Governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. After the assassination of Caesar, Antipater was forced to side with Gaius Cassius Longinus against Mark Antony. The pro-Roman politics of Antipater led to his increasing unpopularity among the devout, non-Hellenized Jews. He died by poison. The diplomacy and artful politics of Antipater, as well as his insinuation into the Hasmonean court, paved the way for the rise of his son Herod the Great, who used this position to marry the Hasmonean princess Mariamne, endear himself to Rome and become king of Judea under Roman influence. ==Background== Though historians understand that Antipater’s family converted to Judaism in the second century BC, different stories had circulated in the wake of his sons coming to power.〔Peterson, ''Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans'', p.52-53〕 They demonstrate the tensions that existed between the Jewish people and the powerful Idumaeans who appear at this time. Nicolaus of Damascus, the court historian for Herod, wrote that Herod’s ancestors were among the historical elite in Jerusalem who had been taken by King Nebuchadnezzar into Babylonian captivity in the sixth century BC.〔(Cohen, Shaye J. D., ''The Beginnings of Jewishness'', University of California Press, (2000), ISBN 0520926277, 9780520926271 )〕 This account serves two purposes; when the Persian King Cyrus sent the captives in Babylon back to Judea, it is likely that some chose to settle elsewhere. A legitimate dispersion such as this would shroud the fact that Herod’s ancestry is undocumented in the meticulous records of returned Jewish families.〔(Ezra 2 )〕 Claiming a heritage among the Jews from as early as the Babylonian captivity provides credibility for a pro-Roman and Hellenized Herod as a King over the Jews, for they were highly contemptuous of him.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 14.15.2.〕 Josephus explains this rendering by critiquing its author: Nicolaus wrote to please Herod and would do so at the cost of truthfulness.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 16.7.1.〕 Instead Josephus explains that Antipater's family converted to Judaism during the forced conversions by the Sadducee-influenced Hasmonean leader John Hyrcanus. Hyrcanus threatened that any Idumeaan who wished to maintain their land would need to be circumcised and enter into the traditions of the Jews.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 13.9.1.〕 Forcible conversion was not recognized by the dominant Pharisaic tradition, so even though Antipater and Herod the Great may have considered themselves of the Jewish faith, they were not considered Jewish by the observant and nationalist Jews of Judea.〔 This influential family was resented for their Edomite ancestry, their Hellenistic incursions upon Jewish tradition, and their collusion with the Roman invaders. Antipater married Cypros, a Nabataean noblewoman, which helped endear the Nabateans to him.〔Josephus, ''Wars'', 1.8.9.〕 Their marriage helped bring about a close friendship between him and the King of the Arabia, Aretas, to whom Cypros was a related. The two men had such a relationship that Antipater entrusted his children to his friend when he went to war with the Hasmonean Aristobulus II. They had four sons: Phasael, Herod, Joseph, and Pheroras, and a daughter, Salome, one of several Salomes among the Herodians.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 14.7.3.〕 Antipater also had a brother named Phalion, who was killed in battle against Aristobulus at Papyron.〔Josephus, ''Wars'', 1.6.3.〕 Antipater served as a governor of Idumea under King Alexander Jannaeus and Queen Salome Alexandra, the parents of the feuding heirs.〔 Josephus writes that he was a man of great authority among the Idumeans, both wealthy and born into a dignified family.〔Josephus, ''Wars'', 1.6.2.〕 Indeed, it is clear in the various forms of assistance that Antipater provides to both Hyrcanus II, brother of Aristobulus, and the Romans, that he possessed great resources, and brilliant military and political capabilities.〔Josephus, ''Wars'', 1.8.7.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Antipater the Idumaean」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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